The locations:

Working Directory <---> Staging <---> Local Repo <---> Remote Repo

The most important verbs, in order of importance:

• git clone
  • Bring down the remote repo to your local repo for the first time.
• git pull
  • Bring down new changes from the remote repo to your local repo.
• git status
  • Check the status of your stuff.
• git add
  • Move content to staging.
• git commit
  • Move content from staging to your local repo.
  • git commit -m "Some message."
• git push
  • Move content from your local repo to the remote repo.
• git log
  • Show the history of your commits.
  • git log --oneline
  • git log -5

Other useful command you will eventually want to learn.

• git reset
  • git reset --hard
  • git reset --soft
• git checkout
• git branch
• git merge
• git rebase
• git diff

Recommended reading:

https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2

• Chapter 2 - for daily use
• Chapter 3 - for slightly more advanced stuff
• Chapter 10 - for going deep
• Chapter A3 - as a reference